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This article is about physical shopping carts. For digital "shopping carts", see shopping cart software. This article is missing citations or needs footnotes. Please help add inline citations to guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. (August 2007) The examples and perspective in this article or section might have an extensive bias or disproportional coverage towards one or more specific regions. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page. A row of parked shopping carts equipped with a coin-operated mechanism. A shopping cart (carriage, buggy, trolley, or wagon) is a cart supplied by a shop, especially a supermarket, for use by customers inside the shop for transport of merchandise to the check-out counter during shopping, and often to the customer's car after paying as well. Often, customers are allowed to leave the carts in the parking lot, and store personnel return the carts to the shop. Contents 1 Design 2 History 3 Rental 4 Theft prevention 4.1 Cart retrieval service 4.2 Electronic 4.3 Physical 4.4 Use as a Weapon 5 Name 6 For people with a disability 7 See also 8 References 9 External links // Design Nested carts being returned from a parking lot to a Target store A child-driveable shopping cart in Japan Virtually all shopping carts are made of metal or a combination of metal and plastic and have been designed to nest within each other in a line to facilitate moving many at one time, and to save on storage space. The carts can come in many sizes, with larger ones able to carry a child. There are also specialized carts designed for two children, and electric mobility scooters with baskets designed for disabled customers. 24,000 children in the USA are injured each year in shopping carts.[1] Some stores have child carts that look like a car or van with a seat where a child can sit. Such "Car-Carts" or "Beans", as some call them in the cart business, may offer protection and convenience by keeping the child restrained, lower to the ground, protected from falling items, and amused. Shopping carts are usually fitted with four wheels. However, if any one wheel jams the cart can become difficult to handle. Most American carts have swivel wheels (caster wheels) at the front, while the rear wheels are fixed in orientation, whilst in Europe it is more common to have four swivel wheels. An alternative to the shopping cart is a small handheld shopping basket. A customer may prefer a basket for a small amount of merchandise. Small shops, where carts would be impractical, often supply only baskets. History One of the first shopping carts was introduced on June 4, 1937, the invention of Sylvan Goldman, owner of the Humpty Dumpty supermarket chain in Oklahoma City (another shopping-cart innovator was Orla Watson).[2][3][4] One night, in 1936, Goldman sat in his office wondering how customers might move more groceries[citation needed]. He found a wooden folding chair and put a basket on the seat and wheels on the legs. Goldman and one of his employees, Fred Young, a mechanic, began tinkering. Their first shopping cart was a metal frame that held two wire baskets. Since they were inspired by the folding chair, Goldman called his carts "folding basket carriers". Another mechanic, Arthur Kosted, developed a method to mass produce the carts by inventing an assembly line capable of forming and welding the wire. The cart was awarded patent number 2,196,914 on April 9, 1940 (Filing date: March 14, 1938), titled, "Folding Basket Carriage for Self-Service Stores". They advertised the invention as part of a new “No Basket Carrying Plan." The invention did not catch on immediately. Men found them effeminate; women found them suggestive of a baby carriage. "I've pushed my last baby buggy," an offended woman informed Goldman. After hiring several male and female models to push his new invention around his store and demonstrate their utility, as well as greeters to explain their use, shopping carts became extremely popular and Goldman became a multimillionaire. Goldman continued to make modifications to his original design, and the basket size of the shopping cart increased as stores realized that their customers purchased more as its size increased. Today, most big-box stores and supermarkets have shopping carts for the convenience of the shoppers. Recent studies[citation needed] determined that cartless retailers such as Sears and J.C. Penney have suffered slow sales in recent years. Retailers that do use shopping carts, Wal-Mart among them, have had booming sales. In large part this could be attributed to the ease of shopping made possible by the shopping cart. There has been little progress in the design of shopping carts in the last decade. Recently researchers developed prototypes of computerized context aware shopping cart by attaching a Tablet PC to an ordinary cart[5]. Initial field trials showed that the prototype and it's context-awareness provide an opportunity for enhancing and affecting the shopping experience. Rental Shopping trolleys locked with a chain Sainsbury's trolley token In many countries, the customer has to pay a small deposit by inserting a coin, which is returned if and when the customer returns the cart to a designated cart parking point. The motivation behind the deposit systems is not theft deterrent (the trolley is worth significantly more than the deposit) but to reduce the expense of employees having to gather carts that are not returned, and to avoid damage done by runaway trolleys. Although common in Europe and Canada, the deposit system has not been widely adopted in the United States, with the exception of some chains like Aldi, who require a $0.25 deposit. Other stores such as Costco and ShopRite also use the coin deposit system, but it is not used at all of their locations. In Australia, deposit systems are common in some local government areas as they have been made compulsory by local law.[citation needed] Usually, all ALDI stores, and most Coles[citation needed] and Safeway[citation needed] stores will have a lock mechanism on their trolley which requires a $1 or $2 coin to unlock. The deposit varies, but usually coins of higher value, such as €1, £1, or $1 are used. While the deposit systems usually are designed to accommodate a certain size of domestic coin, foreign coins, former currencies (like DM coins) or even appropriately folded pieces of cardboard can be used to unlock the trolleys as well. Trolley collectors are also usually provided with a special key which they can use to unlock the trolleys from the trolley bay and get the key back. Some retailers sell "trolley tokens" as an alternative to coins, often for charity. A system similar to the shopping trolley deposit is also used for profit with luggage carts at many airports, where companies like Smarte Carte charge two or more dollars (U.S.) (or equivalent) for rental, and return a small token reward of a quarter (25 ¢) for returning carts to the other end of any dispenser machine. Theft prevention Shopping cart theft can be a costly problem with stores that use them. Often the carts end up in apartment complexes, low-income housing, bus stops or locations where the person doing the shopping is unlikely to own a car. The carts, which cost between $75 and $150 each, have been used for such purposes as barbecue pits, go-carts, laundry trolleys,basketball nets, and even shelters, or they are simply abandoned. Because such losses can be substantial (up to $800 million globally lost every year), stores have resorted to various systems to prevent theft. Stores may use one or more of these systems (i.e., cart retrieval and electronic). Bubbles, who lives in Sunnyvale Trailer Park in Nova Scotia, Canada, is perhaps the most famous shopping cart stealer of all time. He is well-known for stealing carts from shopping malls and grocery stores and re-selling them for a profit.[6] Cart retrieval service Some stores utilize a cart retrieval service, which collects carts found off the store's premises and returns them to the store for a fee. The drawbacks of this measure include that it is reactive instead of proactive (i.e., it can only be used once a cart has been taken from the premises), can become costly, and does nothing to deter hoarders. Some retrieval services have also been caught taking carts from the store's parking lot and turning them in as stray carts.[6] Electronic Electronic systems are being increasingly used by stores because of their successful deterrence. Each shopping cart is fitted with an electronic locking wheel, or 'boot'. A transmitter with a thin wire is placed around the perimeter of the parking lot. The boot locks when the cart leaves the designated area. Store personnel must then deactivate the lock with a hand-held remote to return the cart to stock. Often a line is painted in front of the broadcast range to warn customers that their cart will stop when rolled past the line. Unfortunately these systems are very expensive to install and although helpful are not foolproof. The wheels can be lifted over the electronic barrier and/or pushed hard enough that the locks break.[6][7] Physical A low-tech form of theft prevention utilizes a physical impediment, such as vertical posts at the store entrance(s)to keep carts from being taken into the parking lot. However, this method also keeps out physically disabled customers, which may be illegal in many jurisdictions. For example, in the United States of America, it is a violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act.[7] Another low-tech method is to mount a pole with a height higher than the entrance, onto the shopping cart, so that the pole will block exit of the cart. However, this method requires the aisles of the store (including lights, piping, any overhead signage and fixtures) to be higher than that of the pole. It also prevents customers from carting their purchases to their cars, at least in the store's carts. Many customers learn to bring their own folding or otherwise collapsable cart with them, which they can usually hang on the store's cart while shopping. Use as a Weapon In Australia, the pole on the shopping cart used to push it around is often removed and used as a weapon, known as a "trolley pole". Used in a similar fashion to a baseball bat, the pole is used to club and hit people, and features prominently in gang fights or gang attacks on people. They can cause substantial damage despite their relatively small size and light weight. Name A children shopping cart. The names of a shopping cart vary by region. The following names are regional-specific names for shopping carts: shopping cart – the United States and Canada trolley – the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and some regions of Canada carriage/shopping carriage – New England region of the United States buggy – Some regions of Canada, Southern U.S. and Pittsburgh; the latter case often being considered a word related to Pittsburghese bascart/basket – various regions wagon Hawaii, New England For people with a disability Main article: Motorized shopping cart Special electronic shopping carts are provide by many retailers for the elderly or people with a disability. These are essentially electric wheelchairs with an attached basket. They allow customers to navigate around the store and collect groceries. See also Watson Systems References ^ American Academy of Pediatrics report ^ Terry P. Wilson, The Cart that Changed the World: The Career of Sylvan N. Goldman (University of Oklahoma Press, 1978). ISBN 978-0806114965 ^ Catherine Grandclément, "Wheeling One's Groceries Around the Store: The Invention of the Shopping Cart, 1936-1953", in Warren Belasco and Roger Horowitz (eds.), Food Chains: From Farmyard to Shopping Cart (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008), pp. 233-251. ISBN 978-0-8122-4128-0 ^ Ted Morgan, On Becoming American: A Celebration of What it Means and How it Feels (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978, pp. 45-6). ISBN 978-0395262832 ^ Black, D., Clemmensen, N. J., and Skov, M. B. (2009) Shopping in the Real World: Interacting with a Context-Aware Shopping Trolley, Proc. of Mobile Interaction with the Real World. ^ a b c Wheels of Fortune Metroactive, 06/03/99. Retrieved on 2009-05-05. ^ a b Corraling Carts: Anti-Theft Device Keeps Shopping Baskets In Their Place The Free Library. Retrieved on 2009-05-05. Daugherty, Julia Ann P. "Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture." Oklahoma State University - Library - Home. Web. 11 Oct. 2010. <http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/G/GO004.html>. External links This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive and inappropriate external links. (June 2009) Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Shopping carts Look up shopping cart in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A history of Sylvan Goldman, inventor of the shopping trolley Shopping Cart–Related Injuries to Children American Academy Of Pediatrics BBC News story Shopping Trolley Risks in the Retail Industry Paper on the history of the shopping cart "June 4, 1937: Humpty Dumpty and the Shopping Cart" (Wired.com, "This Day in Tech") Food Chains: From Farmyard to Shopping Cart (W. Belasco and R. Horowitz, Eds., University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008) The "Telescopic Shopping Cart Collection" at the National Museum of American History (Smithsonian Institution)