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This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (May 2009) Somalia Somalia was formed July 1, 1960, from the unification of the British protectorate of Somaliland with Italian Somaliland. The United States immediately recognized the Somali government and moved to establish diplomatic relations. The U.S. Embassy in the capital Mogadiscio (now Mogadishu) was established on July 1, 1960, with Andrew G. Lynch as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim. He was promoted to Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary four days later on July 5, 1960. As a result of the civil war in Somalia, the U.S. Embassy in Mogadishu was closed on July 5, 1991. The United States has had no diplomatic relations with Somalia since that date. Contents 1 Background 2 Ambassadors 3 Notes 4 See also 5 Sources // Background The area on the Horn of Africa that is now Somalia has been fought over by numerous factions for hundreds of years. Local warlords, Ethiopians, Eritreans, the Ottoman Empire, and Arabs had been warring in the territory since the Middle Ages. In the late 18th century in the Scramble for Africa, Britain, France, and Italy all made territorial claims on the peninsula. In 1886 the British gained control over northern Somalia through treaties with various Somali chiefs who were guaranteed British protection. The British established the British Somaliland protectorate. In 1885 Italy obtained commercial advantages in the area from the Sultan of Zanzibar and in 1889 concluded agreements with the sultans of Obbia and Aluula, who placed their territories under Italy’s protection. Between 1897 and 1908, Italy made agreements with the Ethiopians and the British that marked out the boundaries of Italian Somaliland. The Italian Government assumed direct administration, giving the territory colonial status. In the 1920s after the Great War Italy made attempts to expand their control of Somaliland, gaining territory ceded by Great Britain and subjugating some of the independent sultanates. Italian and Somali influence expanded into the Ogaden region of eastern Ethiopia. Continuing incursions climaxed in 1935 when Italian forces launched an offensive that led to the capture of Addis Ababa and the Italian annexation of Ethiopia in 1936. Following the outbreak of war between Italy and the United Kingdom in June 1940, Italian troops overran British Somaliland and drove out the British garrison. In 1941 the British campaign regained the lost territory and had gained control of Italian Somaliland. From 1941 to 1950, while Somalia was under British military administration, transition toward self-government was begun through the establishment of local courts, planning committees, and the Protectorate Advisory Council. In 1948 Britain turned the Ogaden and neighboring Somali territories over to Ethiopia. After World War II Italy renounced its claims to all territories in Somaliland and Ethiopia. In 1948 the victorious Allies turned the question of Somalia over to the United Nations. In 1949 the General Assembly adopted a resolution recommending that Italian Somaliland be placed under an international trusteeship system for 10 years, with Italy as the administering authority, followed by independence for Italian Somaliland. In 1959, at the request of the Somali Government, the UN General Assembly advanced the date of independence from December 2 to July 1, 1960. The British protecorate gained independence as the State of Somaliland on June 26, 1960. Days later, as a referendum indicated support for unification with Italian Somaliland, it joined with that territory to form a new Somali Republic (Somalia) on July 1, 1960. Ambassadors U.S. diplomatic terms Career FSO After 1915, The United States Department of State began classifying ambassadors as career Foreign Service Officers (FSOs) for those who have served in the Foreign Service for a specified amount of time. Political appointee A person who is not a career foreign service officer, but is appointed by the president (often as a reward to political friends). Appointed The date that the ambassador took the oath of office; also known as “commissioning”. It follows confirmation of a presidential appointment by the Senate, or a Congressional-recess appointment by the president. In the case of a recess appointment, the ambassador requires subsequent confirmation by the Senate. Presented credentials The date that the ambassador presented his letter of credence to the head of state or appropriate authority of the receiving nation. At this time the ambassador officially becomes the representative of his country. This would normally occur a short time after the ambassador’s arrival on station. The host nation may reject the ambassador by not receiving the ambassador’s letter, but this occurs only rarely. Terminated mission Usually the date that the ambassador left the country. In some cases a letter of recall is presented, ending the ambassador’s commission, either as a means of diplomatic protest or because the diplomat is being reassigned elsewhere and replaced by another envoy. Chargé d’affaires The person in charge of the business of the embassy when there is no ambassador commissioned to the host country. See chargé d’affaires. ad interim Latin phrase meaning "for the time being", "in the meantime". See ad interim. Andrew G. Lynch – Career FSO Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Appointed: July 5, 1960 Presented credentials: July 11, 1960 Terminated mission: Left post May 7, 1962 Horace G. Torbert, Jr. – Career FSO[1] Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Appointed: February 17, 1962 Presented credentials: January 31, 1963 Terminated mission: Left post August 29, 1965 Raymond L. Thurston – Career FSO Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Appointed: September 1, 1965 Presented credentials: November 23, 1965 Terminated mission: Left post December 15, 1968 Fred L. Hadsel – Career FSO Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Appointed: May 13, 1969 Presented credentials: June 28, 1969 Terminated mission: Left post July 18, 1971 Matthew J. Looram, Jr. – Career FSO[2] Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Appointed: February 15, 1972 Presented credentials: March 13, 1972 Terminated mission: Left post July 5, 1973 Roger Kirk – Career FSO Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Appointed: September 20, 1973 Presented credentials: October 8, 1973 Terminated mission: Left post February 20, 1975 John L. Loughran – Career FSO Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Appointed: May 8, 1975 Presented credentials: August 13, 1975 Terminated mission: Left post November 5, 1978 Donald K. Petterson – Career FSO Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Appointed: October 12, 1978 Presented credentials: December 8, 1978 Terminated mission: Left post December 30, 1982 Robert B. Oakley – Career FSO Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Appointed: September 30, 1982 Presented credentials: January 26, 1983 Terminated mission: Left post August 12, 1984 Peter Bridges – Career FSO[3] Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Appointed: November 14, 1984 Presented credentials: December 19, 1984 Terminated mission: Left post May 14, 1986 Note: The post was vacant from May 1986 until June 1987. The following officers served as chargé d'affaires ad interim: John L. Hirsch (May 1986–August 1986) David P. Rawson (August 1986–June 1987). Trusten Frank Crigler – Career FSO Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Appointed: April 24, 1987 Presented credentials: June 3, 1987 Terminated mission: Left post April 1, 1990 James Keough Bishop – Career FSO Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Appointed: June 27, 1990 Presented credentials: September 19, 1990 Terminated mission: January 5, 1991 Note: The embassy was closed on January 5, 1991. Notes ^ Torbert was commissioned during a recess of the Senate and recommissioned after confirmation on March 12, 1963. ^ An earlier nomination of December 15, 1971, was not acted upon by the Senate. ^ Bridges was commissioned during a recess of the Senate and recommissioned after confirmation on July 12, 1985. See also History of Somalia Foreign relations of Somalia Ambassadors from the United States Sources United States Department of State: Ambassadors to Somalia United States Department of State: Background notes on Somalia  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of State (Background Notes). v • d • e Ambassadors of the United States Current countries Afghanistan · Albania · Algeria · Andorra · Angola · Antigua and Barbuda · Argentina · Armenia · Australia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Bahamas · Bahrain · Barbados · Belarus · Belgium · Belize · Benin · Bolivia · Bosnia-Herzegovina · Botswana · Brazil · Bulgaria · Burkina Faso · Burma · Burundi · Canada · Cambodia · Cape Verde · Central African Republic · Chad · Chile · China · Colombia · Comoros · DR Congo · Congo · Costa Rica · Côte d'Ivoire · Croatia · Cuba · Cyprus · Czech Republic · Denmark · Djibouti · Dominica · Dominican Republic · East Timor · Ecuador · Egypt · El Salvador · Equatorial Guinea · Eritrea · Estonia · Ethiopia · Fiji · Finland · France · Gabon · The Gambia · Georgia · Germany · Ghana · Greece · Grenada · Guatemala · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Guyana · Haiti · Holy See · Honduras · Hungary · Iceland · India · Indonesia · Iran · Iraq · Ireland · Israel · Italy · Jamaica · Japan · Jordan · Kazakhstan · Kenya · Kiribati · Korea · Kosovo · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Laos · Latvia · Lebanon · Lesotho · Liberia · Libya · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Macedonia · Madagascar · Malawi · Malaysia · Maldives · Mali · Malta · Marshall Islands · Mauritania · Mauritius · Mexico · Micronesia · Moldova · Monaco · Mongolia · Montenegro · Morocco · Mozambique · Namibia · Nauru · Nepal · Netherlands · New Zealand · Nicaragua · Niger · Nigeria · Norway · North Korea · Oman · Pakistan · Palau · Panama · Papua New Guinea · Paraguay · Peru · Philippines · Poland · Portugal · Qatar · Romania · Russia · Rwanda · Saint Kitts and Nevis · Saint Lucia · Saint Vincent and the Grenadines · Samoa · San Marino · São Tomé and Príncipe · Saudi Arabia · Senegal · Serbia · Seychelles · Sierra Leone · Singapore · Slovakia · Slovenia · Solomon Islands · Somalia · South Africa · Spain · Sri Lanka · Sudan · Suriname · Swaziland · Sweden · Switzerland · Syria · Tajikistan · Tanzania · Thailand · Togo · Tonga · Trinidad and Tobago · Tunisia · Turkey · Turkmenistan · Tuvalu · Uganda · Ukraine · United Arab Emirates · United Kingdom · Uruguay · Uzbekistan · Vanuatu · Vatican · Venezuela · Vietnam · Yemen · Zambia · Zimbabwe Past countries Czechoslovakia · East Germany · Hawaii · North Yemen · Ottoman Empire · Prussia · South Vietnam · South Yemen · Soviet Union · Tanganyika · Two Sicilies · United Arab Republic · Texas · Yugoslavia Other places Interests Section in Havana · Curacao · Hong Kong and Macau · Jerusalem · Taiwan · International organizations AU · APEC · ASEAN · CD · EU · ICAO · NATO · OAS · OECD · OSCE · UN · UNESCO · UNEP · FAO · UNVIE · UN in Geneva · WTO Ambassadors-at-large Counterterrorism · Global Women's Issues · International Religious Freedom · War Crimes Issues