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Count Conrad von Hötzendorf Count Francis Conrad von Hötzendorf (German: Franz Graf Conrad von Hötzendorf – the proper family name is Conrad[1]) (November 11, 1852 – August 25, 1925) was an Austrian soldier and Chief of the General Staff of the Austro-Hungarian Army at the outbreak of World War I. Contents 1 Biography 2 World War I 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links // Biography Conrad was born in Penzing, a suburb of Vienna. His father was a retired Hussar colonel, originally from south Moravia. His great grandfather had been raised to the nobility in 1816 adding "von Hötzendorf", the surname of his wife from the Palatinate, as his predicate. His mother was the daughter of the famous Vienna artist Kübler. He became a cadet at a very young age and remained in the armed forces until the end of the First World War. He rose in the ranks quite rapidly. Conrad married Wilhelmine le Beau in 1886, with whom he had four sons. He would later marry Virginia von Reininghaus in 1915, against the wishes of his children. In November 1906 Conrad was made chief of staff for the Austro-Hungarian armed forces. He was a tireless campaigner for modernization of the armed forces. He was something of a social Darwinist, and believed a battle between German and Slavic civilization was inevitable. The power of the Magyar elite within Austria-Hungary troubled him, as he believed it weakened and diluted what he saw as an essentially German empire. He also worried about Italian ambitions in the Balkans. However, his greatest ambition was for a pre-emptive war against Serbia in order to neutralize the threat that he believed they posed, and at the same time change the political balance within Austria-Hungary against the Magyars by incorporating more Slavs. According to Hew Strachan, "Hötzendorf first proposed preventive war against Serbia in 1906, and he did so again in 1908-9, in 1912-13, in October 1913, and May 1914: between 1 January 1913 and 1 January 1914 he proposed a Serbian war twenty-five times." World War I Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf. Conrad was one of the main proponents of war with Serbia in response to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. Conrad often proposed unrealistically grandiose plans, disregarding the realities of terrain and climate. The plans that he drew up frequently underestimated the power of the enemy. For example, the Serbian army proved far more effective than he had expected (see Serbian Campaign (WWI) for details). Also, his first offensives against Russia were remarkable for their lack of effect combined with massive human cost. His mistakes led to the disastrous first year of war that crippled Austro-Hungarian military capabilities. The most disastrous defeat came in 1916, in the Brusilov Offensive by Russia. The Austro-Hungarian forces under Conrad's command lost nearly 1.5 million men, and were never again capable of mounting an offensive without German help. Most of Austria's victories were possible only in conjunction with German armies, on which the Austro-Hungarian army became increasingly dependent. On the other hand, British historian Cyril Falls argues that Conrad was probably the best strategist of the war and that his plans were brilliant in conception. The German generals in the east based most of their successful offensive operations on Conrad's plans.[2] To his admirers he was a "military genius"; one such admirer was the Soviet general and theorist Boris Shaposhnikov in his book Mozg Armii, in which Conrad was presented as a model for a good Chief of the General Staff. On the other hand, "Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf never admitted his share of responsibility for the onset of the First World War or the defeat of Austria-Hungary... he claimed to have been "just a military expert" with no voice in the key decisions."[3] Conrad von Hötzendorf was dismissed from his post as chief of the staff of the army by the new emperor, Karl I, and named commander of an army group on Italian front. After the Battle of Piave he was fired from his posts. Many historians believe that the reason for the Austrian defeat in the battle was the decision to split the attack forces in two: the Conrad group that fought around the Asiago Plateau and the Boroevic Group army in the plain. Conrad opposed the decision of Karl I to reach an agreement with the Entente Powers. In 1918 he was made a Graf, or Count, having been a baron. Notes Regarding personal names: Graf is a title, translated as Count, not a first or middle name. The female form is Gräfin. He appears in Karl Kraus' Tragedy The Last Days of Mankind in act 1 scene 24. He has a prominent role in Dennis Wheatley's historical adventure The Second Seal. The Army post in Oberammergau, Bavaria, Germany, built in 1937, was named the Conrad von Hötzendorf Kaserne. References ^ Regarding personal names: Graf is a title, translated as Count, not a first or middle name. The female form is Gräfin. von Hötzendorf is also a title. ^ Falls, Cyril: The Great War, Putnam, New York 1959, p. 36. ^ Sondhaus, Lawrence: Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf. Architect of the apocalypse. Humanity Press, Boston 2000, ISBN 0-391-04097-9, p. 244. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Franz Graf Conrad von Hötzendorf Biography Biography v • d • e Military of Austria-Hungary Army k. u. k. Armee • Imperial Austrian Army • Royal Hungarian Army • Formations • Army ranks and insignia of the Austro-Hungarian Army • Military Intelligence Navy k. u. k. Kriegsmarine · List of battleships of the Austro-Hungarian Navy · List of U-Boats of the Austro-Hungarian Navy Airforce K.u.K. Luftfahrtruppen · Aircraft of the Austro-Hungarian Airforce Ministers for War Feldmarschalleutnant Franz Freiherr von John • Feldmarschalleutnant Franz Kuhn Freiherr Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld • General der Kavallerie Alexander Freiherr von Koller • Feldzeugmeister Arthur Maximilian Graf Bylandt-Rheydt (der Ältere) • Feldzeugmeister Ferdinand Freiherr Bauer • Feldzeugmeister Rudolf Freiherr Merkl • General der Kavallerie Edmund Freiherr von Krieghammer • Feldzeugmeister Heinrich Ritter von Pitreich • General der Infanterie Franz Freiherr Schönaich • General der Infanterie Moritz Ritter Auffenberg von Komarów • Feldmarschal Alexander Freiherr von Krobatin • Generaloberst Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten Commanders Archduke Eugen of Austria • Franz Rohr von Denta • Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli • Svetozar Boroevic von Bojna • Archduke Joseph August of Austria • Franz Böhme • Josip Jelačić • Günther Burstyn • Georg Dragičević • Karol Durski-Trzaska • Gheorghe Flondor • Tadeusz Jordan-Rozwadowski • Archduke Josef Ferdinand, Prince of Tuscany • Rudolf Maister • Artur Phleps • Oskar Potiorek • Alfred Redl • Maximilian Ronge • Viktor Dankl von Krasnik • Viktor Graf von Scheuchenstuel • Stjepan Sarkotić • Gottfried von Banfield • Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria • Miklós Horthy • Franz von Keil • Giovanni Luppis • Georg Ludwig von Trapp • Janko Vuković Commanders-in-Chief of the Navy VAdm. Wilhelm von Tegetthoff • VAdm. Friedrich Freiherr von Pöck • VAdm. Maximilian Daublebsky Freiherr von Sterneck • VAdm. Hermann Freiherr von Spaun VAdm. • Rudolf Graf/Conte Montecuccoli • Grand Adm. Anton Haus • Grand Adm. Anton Haus • Adm. Maximilian Njegovan  • Adm. Miklós Horthy Chief of the General Staff Feldmarschalleutnant Josef Wilhelm Freiher von Gallina • Feldmarschalleutnant Franz Freiherr von John • Feldmarschalleutnant Anton Freiherr von Schönfeld • Feldzeugmeister Friedrich Graf von Beck-Rzikowsky  • Franz Graf Conrad von Hötzendorf • Generalmajor Blasius Schemua • General der Infanterie Arthur Arz von Straussenburg Commanders-in-Chief of the Army Archduke Albert, Duke of Teschen • Franz Joseph • Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen • Karl I • Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza Supreme Commanders Franz Joseph • Karl I