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This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in German Wikipedia. (December 2009) After translating, {{Translated|de|Alois Brunner}} must be added to the talk page to ensure copyright compliance. Translation instructions · Translate via Google Alois Brunner Born April 8, 1912 Place of birth Nádkút, Hungary Allegiance Germany Years of service WWII Rank SS-Hauptsturmführer(Captain) Unit Schutzstaffel (SS) Commands held Drancy internment camp Other work Torturer for the Syrian Government, and earlier an arms dealer in Egypt. The Holocaust Part of: Jewish history Responsibility Nazi Germany People Adolf Hitler Heinrich Himmler Ernst Kaltenbrunner Theodor Eicke Reinhard Heydrich Adolf Eichmann Rudolf Höss Organizations Nazi Party Schutzstaffel (SS) Gestapo Sturmabteilung (SA) Collaborators during World War II Nazi ideologues Early policies Racial policy of Nazi Germany Haavara Agreement Nuremberg Laws Nazi eugenics Action T4 Madagascar Plan Wannsee Conference The victims Jews in Europe Jews in Germany Romani people (Gypsies) Homosexuals People with disabilities Slavs in Eastern Europe Poles · Soviet POWs Jehovah's Witnesses The ghettos Budapest · Kovno Kraków · Lublin Lviv (Lvov) · Łomża Łódź · Minsk Warsaw · Vilnius List of ghettos Atrocities Pogroms Kristallnacht · Bucharest Dorohoi · Iaşi · Jedwabne Kaunas · Lviv (Lvov) Vel' d'Hiv · Wąsosz Einsatzgruppen Babi Yar · Rumbula Ponary · Odessa Erntefest · Ninth Fort "Final Solution" Operation Reinhard Holocaust trains End of World War II Death marches · Berihah The camps Nazi extermination camps Auschwitz-Birkenau Bełżec Chełmno · Majdanek Sobibór · Treblinka Nazi concentration camps Bergen-Belsen · Bogdanovka Buchenwald Dachau · Gross-Rosen Herzogenbusch Janowska · Jasenovac Kaiserwald Maly Trostenets Mauthausen-Gusen Neuengamme · Ravensbrück Sachsenhausen · Sajmište Salaspils · Stutthof Theresienstadt Uckermark · Warsaw List of Nazi concentration camps Resistance Jewish partisans Ghetto uprisings Warsaw Białystok Łachwa Aftermath Nuremberg Trials Denazification Surviving Remnant Sh'erit ha-Pletah Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany Lists Holocaust survivors Victims of Nazism Rescuers of Jews Resources The Destruction of the European Jews Functionalism versus intentionalism v • d • e Alois Brunner (born April 8, 1912, reports of death contested) is an Austrian Nazi war criminal. Brunner was Adolf Eichmann's assistant, and Eichmann referred to Brunner as his "best man."[1] As commander of the Drancy internment camp outside Paris from June 1943 to August 1944, Alois Brunner is held responsible for sending some 140,000 European Jews to the gas chambers. Nearly 24,000 of them were deported from the Drancy camp. He was condemned to death in absentia in France in 1954 for crimes against humanity. In 1961 and in 1980, Brunner lost an eye and the fingers of his left hand, respectively, as a result of letter bombs sent to him by Mossad.[2] In 2003, The Guardian described him as "the world's highest-ranking Nazi fugitive believed still alive."[3] Brunner was last reported to be living in Syria, where the government has so far rebuffed international efforts to locate or apprehend him.[4] Contents 1 Until 1945 2 After the war and escape to Syria 3 Survives letter-bombing 4 Convictions in absentia 5 Recent attempts to locate 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links // Until 1945 Born in Nádkút, Vas, Hungary (now Rohrbrunn, Burgenland, Austria). Brunner was a trouble-shooter for the Schutzstaffel (SS) and held the rank of SS-Hauptsturmführer (Captain) when he organized deportations to Nazi concentration camps from Vichy France and Slovakia. Through his role in these deportations, he is considered guilty of the mass murder of tens of thousands of Jews. Brunner was commander of a train of Jews deported from Vienna to Riga in February, 1942. En route Brunner shot and killed the well-known financier Sigmund Bosel, who, although ill, had been hauled out of the hospital in Vienna and placed on the train. According to historian Gertrude Schneider, who as a young girl was deported to Riga on the same train,: Alois Brunner chained Bosel, still in his pajamas, to the platform of the first car -- our car -- and berated him for having been a profiteer. The old man repeatedly asked for mercy; he was very ill, and it was bitterly cold. Finally Brunner wearied of the game and shot him. Afterward, he walked into the car and asked whether anyone had heard anything. After being assured that no one had, he seemed satisfied and left.[5] He was personally sent by Adolf Eichmann in 1944 to Slovakia to oversee the deportation of Jews. From early 1944 until January 1945, over one million Jews were transported to Auschwitz. Before being named commander of Drancy internment camp near Paris, Alois Brunner deported 43,000 Jews from Vienna and 46,000 from Salonika. In the last days of the Third Reich he managed to deport another 13,500 from Slovakia [3]. After the war and escape to Syria In an interview with the German magazine Bunte, in 1985, Brunner describes how he escaped capture by the Allies immediately after the Second World War. The identity of Brunner was apparently mixed up with that of another SS member, Anton Brunner, who was thereby executed for war crimes, instead of Alois. Brunner, like Josef Mengele, lacked the SS blood-type tattoo, which prevented him from being detected in an Allied prison camp. Anton Brunner, who also worked in Vienna deporting Jews, was confused after the war with Alois Brunner, even by historians such as Gerald Reitlinger.[6] Claiming that he "received official documents under a false name from American authorities," Brunner professed he found work as a driver for the United States Army in the period after the war.[7][8][9][10] It has also been alleged that Brunner found a working relationship after the War with the Organisation Gehlen.[11][12] He then fled Germany only in 1954, on a fake Red Cross passport, first to Rome, then Egypt where he worked as a weapons dealer, and then to Syria, where he took the pseudonym of Dr. Georg Fischer. In Syria, he was allegedly hired as a "government advisor" — with some suggesting he was advising the Syrian dictatorship on torture and repression techniques, some dating from his time as an SS torturer. He also allegedly trained Kurdish rebels to operate against Turkey, and shipped arms to Algerian rebels, during its war of independence with France. Syria has constantly refused entry to French investigators as well as to Nazi hunter Serge Klarsfeld who spent nearly 15 years bringing the case to court in France. Simon Wiesenthal also unsuccessfully tried to trace him. In his 1980s interview by the German magazine Bunte, Brunner declared that his sole regret was not having murdered more Jews. In a 1987 telephone interview to the Chicago Sun Times, he stated: "The Jews deserved to die. They were garbage, I have no regrets. If I had the chance I would do it again..." He was reported to be living in Damascus under the alias Georg Fischer.[1] Although there were unconfirmed reports that Brunner may have died in 1996, he was reportedly sighted in 2001. Survives letter-bombing Brunner lost an eye and fingers on his left hand from letter bombs sent to him in 1961 and in 1980 by Israel's intelligence service, Mossad.[13] In December 1999, rumours surfaced saying that he had died in 1996 and had been buried in a cemetery in Damascus. However, German journalists visiting Syria said Brunner was living at the Meridian Hotel in Damascus. According to The Guardian, he was last seen alive by reliable witnesses in 1992, and by journalists in 1996. Convictions in absentia Germany and other countries have unsuccessfully requested his extradition. He was twice sentenced to death in absentia in the 1950s; one of those convictions was in France in 1954. In August 1987 an Interpol "red notice" was issued for him. In 1995 German State prosecutors in Cologne and Frankfurt posted a €333,000 reward for information leading to his arrest. On March 2, 2001, he was found guilty in absentia by a French court for crimes against humanity,[4] including the arrest and deportation of 345 orphans from the Paris region (which had not been judged in the earlier trials) and was sentenced to life imprisonment. According to Serge Klarsfeld, the trial was largely symbolic - an effort to honour the memories of victims such as Celestine Ajzykowicz, 11, Jean Bender, four, and Alain Blumberg, a two-week-old baby kicked to death by an SS guard. Klarsfeld's own father, arrested in 1943, was one of Brunner's victims.[3] Recent attempts to locate In 2004, for an episode titled "Hunting Nazis", the television series Unsolved History used facial recognition software to compare Alois Brunner's official SS photograph with a recent photo of "Georg Fischer", and came up with a match of 8.1 points out of 10, which they claimed was, despite the elapse of over 50 years in aging, equivalent to a match with 95% certainty. Brazilian police are said to be investigating whether a suspect living in the country under an assumed name is actually Alois Brunner. Dep.-Cmdr. Asher Ben-Artzi, the head of Israel's Interpol and Foreign Liaison Section, passed on a Brazilian request for Brunner's fingerprints to Nazi hunter Efraim Zuroff, head of the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Jerusalem, but Zuroff could not find any[14]. In July 2007, the Austrian Justice Ministry declared that they would pay €50,000 for information leading to his arrest and extradition to Austria[15]. A self described "team of Israelis" who have "hunted down" Nazi war criminals all over the world list him as their second most wanted man, and since the first may have already died, he could very well be their most wanted Nazi war criminal, and if found alive by them, will be brought back to Israel to face charges of crimes against humanity, mass murder and membership of an illegal party. In March 2009, the Simon Wiesenthal Center admitted that the possibility of Brunner still being alive was "slim"[16]. See also Olga Horak Notes ^ a b Biography at the Jewish Virtual Library ^ Alois Brunner : La Haine Irreductible by Didier Epelbaum, January 1990 ^ a b c Henley, Jon (2003-03-03). "French court strikes blow against fugitive Nazi". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/nazis/article/0,2763,445717,00.html. Retrieved 2007-07-30.  ^ a b "Most Wanted Nazis", Bridget Johnson, About.com ^ Schneider, Gertrude, Journey into terror: story of the Riga Ghetto, page 25, Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2001 ISBN 0275970507 ^ Schneider, Gertrude, Journey into terror: story of the Riga Ghetto, (2d Ed.) Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2001, at pages 54 and 167, ISBN 0275970507 ^ "Most-Wanted Nazi Ready to Surrender, Report Says". Los Angeles Times. 1985-10-28.  ^ "In Syria, a Long-Hunted Nazi Talks". The New York Times. 1985-11-29.  ^ "Nazi Criminal Says Mixup Aided His Escape". The New York Times. 1985-11-07.  ^ George J. Annas (1991). "Mengele’s Birthmark: The Nuremberg Code in United States Courts". The Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy 7: 17–46.  ^ Peter Wyden (2001). The Hitler Virus: The Insidious Legacy of Adolf Hitler. Arcade Publishing.  ^ Georg Hafner; Esther Schapira (2000). Die Akte Alois Brunner. Campus Verlag.  ^ Alois Brunner : La Haine Irreductible by Didier Epelbaum, January 1990 ^ Int'l hunt on for top Nazi fugitive, The Jerusalem Post, December 28, 2005 ^ Warrant of Apprehension, Austrian Justice Ministry ^ The hunt for the last Nazis, BBC, 23 March 2009 External links Jewish Virtual Library Auschwitz.dk v • d • e The Holocaust Early elements Racial policy · Nazi eugenics · Nuremberg Laws · Forced euthanasia Concentration and Extermination camps Auschwitz-Birkenau · Bełżec · Bergen-Belsen · Bogdanovka · Buchenwald · Chełmno · Dachau · Flossenbürg · Gross-Rosen · Janowska · Jasenovac · Kaiserwald · Majdanek · Maly Trostenets · Mauthausen-Gusen · Neuengamme · Ravensbrück · Sachsenhausen · Sajmište · Salaspils · Sobibór · Stutthof · Theresienstadt · Treblinka · Uckermark Jews Jews in Nazi Germany (1933–1939) Pogroms: Kristallnacht · Bucharest · Dorohoi · Iaşi · Kaunas · Jedwabne · Lviv Ghettos: Łachwa · Łódź · Lwów · Kraków · Budapest · Theresienstadt · Kovno · Vilna · Warsaw Einsatzgruppen: Babi Yar · Rumbula · Ponary · Odessa · Erntefest · Ninth Fort Final Solution: Wannsee · Operation Reinhard · Holocaust trains · Extermination camps Resistance: Jewish partisans · Ghetto uprisings (Warsaw) End of World War II: Death marches · Berihah · Displaced persons Other victims Romani people · Homosexuals · People with disabilities · Slavs in Eastern Europe · Poles · Soviet POWs · Jehovah's Witnesses · Serbs Responsible parties Nazi Germany: Adolf Hitler · Heinrich Himmler · Ernst Kaltenbrunner · Reinhard Heydrich · Adolf Eichmann · Schutzstaffel · Gestapo · Sturmabteilung · Nazi Party · Rudolf Höss Collaborators Aftermath Nuremberg Trials · Denazification · Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany Lists Survivors · Victims · Rescuers Resources The Destruction of the European Jews · Functionalism versus intentionalism v • d • e The Holocaust in Latvia Crimes Burning of the Riga synagogues · Dünamünde Action • Jelgava • Pogulianski • Rumbula • Liepāja (Šķēde) Nazi murders of women and children on the beach at Liepaja, Latvia, December 15, 1941 Victims Jewish people of Latvia • Gypsies • Simon Dubnow • Else Hirsch Perpetrators Alois Brunner • Rudolf Batz • Fritz Dietrich • Otto-Heinrich Drechsler • Erich Ehrlinger • Friedrich Jeckeln • Heinz Jost • Konrāds Kalējs • Wolfgang Kügler • Rudolf Lange • Hinrich Lohse • Hans-Adolf Prützmann • Martin Sandberger • Alfred Rosenberg • Edward Roschmann • Rudolf Seck  • Franz Stahlecker • Eduard Strauch Nazi occupation and organizations Einsatzgruppen • Reichskommissariat Ostland • Rollkommando Hamann Collaborators and Nazi sympathizers Viktors Arājs • Arajs Kommando • Herberts Cukurs • Latvian Auxiliary Police • Schutzmannschaft Ghettos and camps Daugavpils Ghetto • Jungfernhof concentration camp • Kaiserwald concentration camp • Riga Ghetto • Salaspils concentration camp Documentation Generalplan Ost • Jäger Report War crimes investigations and trials Einsatzgruppen Trial • Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission Righteous among the Nations Jānis Lipke • Roberts Sedols Related articles The Holocaust • Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany v • d • e Post-war flight of Nazi fugitives Fugitives German / Austrian Ludolf von Alvensleben · Klaus Barbie · Alois Brunner · Adolf Eichmann · Josef Mengele · Erich Priebke · Walter Rauff · Eduard Roschmann · Walter Schreiber · Franz Stangl · Carl Værnet · Gustav Wagner Croatian Milivoj Ašner · Ante Pavelić · Dinko Šakić · Vjekoslav Vrančić Other nationalities Herberts Cukurs · Pierre Daye · Léon Degrelle · John Demjanjuk · Søren Kam · René Lagrou · Mykola Lebed · Jacques de Mahieu · Carl Værnet Assistance Organizations Ratlines State involvement Colonia Dignidad (Chile) · Franco (Spain) · Perón (Argentina) · Operation Paperclip (USA) · Robert Leiber (Holy See) · Stroessner (Paraguay) Other persons Rodolfo Freude · Alois Hudal · Charles Lescat · Hans-Ulrich Rudel · Otto Skorzeny Hunters Serge and Beate Klarsfeld · Simon Wiesenthal Disputed / dubious Krunoslav Draganović · Aribert Heim · ODESSA Persondata Name Brunner, Alois Alternative names Short description Date of birth April 8, 1912 Place of birth Nádkút, Hungary Date of death Place of death