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Potawatomi Neshnabémwen Spoken in United States, Canada Region Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Kansas, and southern Ontario Total speakers 50 Language family Algic Algonquian Potawatomi Language codes ISO 639-1 None ISO 639-2 alg ISO 639-3 pot Linguasphere Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Potawatomi (also spelled Pottawatomie; in Potawatomi Bodéwadmimwen or Bodéwadmi Zheshmowen or Neshnabémwen) is a Central Algonquian language and is spoken around the Great Lakes in Michigan and Wisconsin, as well as in Kansas in the United States, and in southern Ontario in Canada, by fewer than 10 Potawatomi people, all elderly. There is currently an effort underway to revive the language. Contents 1 Classification 2 Writing systems 2.1 Current writing system 2.2 Traditional system 3 Sounds 3.1 Vowels 3.2 Consonants 4 Grammar 4.1 Pronouns 4.1.1 Personal pronouns 5 Correspondence to the Ojibwe language 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links // Classification Potawatomi is a member of the Algonquian language family (itself a member of the larger Algic stock). It is usually classified as a Central Algonquian Language, along with languages such as Ojibwe, Cree, Menominee, Miami-Illinois, Shawnee and Fox but the label "Central Algonquian" signifies a geographic grouping, rather than that the group of languages descended from a common ancestor language within the Algonquian family. Of these languages, Potawatomi is most similar to Ojibwe, however it also has borrowed a considerable amount of vocabulary from Sauk. Writing systems Current writing system Though no standard orthography has been agreed upon by the Potawatomi communities, the system most commonly used is the "Pedagogical System" developed by the Wisconsin Native American Languages Program. As the name suggests, this writing system was designed to be used in language teaching. The system is alphabetic (based on the Roman Alphabet), and is phonemic, with each letter or digraph representing a contrastive sound. The letters used are: a b ch d e é g h ' i j k m n o p s sh t w y z zh. Traditional system The "Traditional System" used in writing Potawatomi is an alphabetic system. Letters are written in syllable groups. Potawatomi, Ottawa, Sac, Fox and Winnebago communities all used this form of syllabic writing. The System was derived from the Roman Alphabet, thus it resembles hand-written Roman text. However, unlike the Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics or the Cherokee alphabet, this writing system has not yet been incorporated into the Unicode standards. Each Potawatomi Syllabic block in the Traditional System consists of at least two of the 17 alphabetic letters: 13 consonants and 4 vowels. Of the 13 phonemic consonantal letters, the <h> written with [A] was considered optional. Consonants Consonants Consonants Vowels Traditional System Pedagogical System Traditional System Pedagogical System Traditional System Pedagogical System Traditional System Pedagogical System l b/p (KA) (k) q gw/kw a a (lA) (p) s z/s (qA) (kw) e e t d/t (sA) s g g of "-ng" e é (tA) (t) sH zh/sh w w i i tt j/ch (sHA) (sh) y y o o (ttA) (ch) m m <none> '/h K g/k n n (A) (h) Sounds In this article, the phonology of the Northern dialect is described, which differs somewhat from that of the Southern dialect spoken in Kansas. There are five vowel phonemes (plus four diphthongs) and nineteen consonant phonemes. <é>, which is often written as <e'>, represents an open-mid front unrounded vowel, IPA: [ɛ]. <e> represents the schwa, /ə/, which has several allophonic variants. Before /n/, it becomes [ɪ], and Before /k/, /ɡ/, and /ʔ/, and word-finally, it is [ʌ]. <o> is pronounced /u/ in Michigan, and /o/ elsewhere; when it is in a closed syllable, it is pronounced [ʊ]. There are also four diphthongs, /ɛj ɛw əj əw/, spelled <éy éw ey ew>. Phonemic /əj əw/ are realized as [ɪj ʌw]. The obstruents, as in many Algonquian languages, do not have a voicing distinction per se, but rather what is better termed a "strong"/"weak" distinction. "Strong" consonants, written as voiceless (<p t k kw>), are always voiceless, are often aspirated, and are longer in duration than the "weak" consonants, which are written as voiced (<b d g gw>) and are often voiced and are never aspirated. Nasals before another consonant become syllabic. /t/, /d/, and /n/ are dental: [t̪ d̪ n̪]. Vowels Front Central Back Close i Close-mid o Mid e Open-mid é Open a Consonants Bilabial Dental Palatal Velar Labio-velar Glottal Plosive p b t d k g kw gw ’ Affricate ch j Fricative s z sh zh h Nasal m n Semivowel y w Grammar Potawatomi has six parts of speech, which are: noun, verb, pronoun, prenoun, preverb, and particle.[1] Pronouns There are two main types of pronoun, personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns. As nouns and verbs use inflection to describe anaphoric reference the main use of the free pronouns is for emphasis. Personal pronouns Potawatomi Gloss nin I gin you win he, she ninan we (exclusive) ginan we (inclusive) ginwa you (plural) winwa they Correspondence to the Ojibwe language Due to the relatively recent diversion from the Ojibwe language, the Potawatomi language still exhibits strong correspondences to the Ojibwe language, and more specifically with the Odaawaa (Ottawa) dialect. Fiero Double Vowel System Rhodes Double Vowel System Potawatomi System IPA Value a (unstressed) <none> <none> <none> a (stressed) a (stressed) e ə aa aa a a~ʌ b b b b ch ch ch tʃ d d d d e (unstressed) e (unstressed) e ə e (stressed) e (stressed) é ɛ g g g ɡ h h h h ' h ' ʔ i (unstressed) <none> <none> <none> i (stressed) i (stressed) e ə ii ii i ɪ j j j dʒ k k k/ch k/tʃ m m m m mb mb mb mb (not from PA *n) n/<none> n/<none> n/y n/j (from PA *n) n n n n nd nd nd nd ng ng ng ŋɡ nj nj nj ndʒ ns ns s s nz nz z z ny/-nh ny/-nh <none> <none> nzh nzh zh ʒ o (unstressed) <none>/w/o (unstressed) <none>/w/o/e <none>/w/o~[ʊ]/ə o (stressed) o (stressed) o o~[ʊ] oo oo o o p p p p s s s s sh sh sh ʃ shk shk shk ʃk shp shp shp ʃp sht sht sht ʃt sk sk sk sk t t t t w w/<none> w/<none> w/<none> wa (unstressed) wa (unstressed)/o w/o w/o~[ʊ] waa (unstressed) waa (unstressed)/oo wa/o wa/o~[ʊ] wi (unstressed) wi (unstressed)/o w/o w/o~[ʊ] y y y (initial glide) j <none> <none> y (medial glide) j z z z z zh zh zh ʒ Notes ^ Buszard-Welcher, L. (2003) "Constructional Polysemy and Mental Spaces in Potawatomi Discourse". PhD Thesis, U.C. Berkley Further reading Gailland, Maurice. English-Potawatomi Dictionary. 1840. Hockett, Charles Francis. The Potawatomi Language A Descriptive Grammar. Ann Arbor, Mich: University Microfilms International, 1987. Hockett, Charles Francis. Potawatomi Syntax. 1939. Quimby, George Irving. Some Notes on Kinship and Kinship Terminology Among the Potawatomi of the Huron. S.l: s.n, 1940. Wisconsin Native American Languages Project, and John Nichols. Potawatomi Traditional Writing. Milwaukee Wis: Great Lakes Inter-Tribal Council, 1975. External links Potawatomi Language Vocabulary, Audio and Video, Interactive Language Games, Online Courses Ethnologue report for Potawatomi The Neshnabe Institute for Cultural Studies - Dedicated to Potawatomi Language Revitalization Prairie Band Potawatomi Language Project Smokey McKinney, 1997 v • d • e  Languages of Oklahoma Italics indicate extinct languages Alabama · Arapaho · Caddo · Cayuga · Cherokee · Cheyenne · Chickasaw · Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe) · Choctaw · Comanche · Delaware · English · Hitchiti-Mikasuki · Kansa · Koasati · Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache · Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk) · Muscogee · Osage · Ottawa · Pawnee · Plains Apache · Ponca · Potawatomi · Quapaw · Seneca · Shawnee · Spanish · Tonkawa · Vietnamese · Wichita · Wyandot · Yuchi