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This article's introduction section may not adequately summarize its contents. To comply with Wikipedia's lead section guidelines, please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article's key points. (September 2009) Coordinates: 51°31′34″N 0°06′13″W / 51.52604°N 0.103475°W / 51.52604; -0.103475 Clerkenwell Clerkenwell Green and St James' Church Clerkenwell  Clerkenwell shown within Greater London OS grid reference TQ315825 London borough Islington Ceremonial county Greater London Region London Country England Sovereign state United Kingdom Post town LONDON Postcode district EC1 Dialling code 020 Police Metropolitan Fire London Ambulance London EU Parliament London UK Parliament Islington South and Finsbury London Assembly North East List of places: UK • England • London Clerkenwell (pronounced /ˈklɑːkənwɛl/) is an area of Central London in the London Borough of Islington. Clerkenwell was once known as London's "Little Italy" because of the large number of Italians living in the area between the 1850s and the 1960s. Contents 1 History 1.1 Clerks' Well 1.2 Monastic traditions 1.3 Fashionable residential area 1.4 Industrial Revolution 1.5 Clerkenwell Green 1.6 Local government 1.7 Radicalism 1.8 Post-war decline and revival 2 Entertainment 2.1 Pubs 2.2 Restaurants 2.3 Nightclubs and bars 3 Notable people 4 Nearby areas 5 Nearest railway and London Underground stations 6 References 7 External links // History Clerks' Well Clerkenwell took its name from the Clerks' Well in Farringdon Lane (clerken was the Middle English genitive plural of clerk, a variant of clerc, meaning clergyman). In the Middle Ages, the London Parish clerks performed annual mystery plays there, based on biblical themes. Part of the well remains visible, incorporated into a 1980s building called Well Court. It is visible through a window of that building on Farringdon Lane. Monastic traditions The Monastic Order of the Knights Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem had its English headquarters at the Priory of Clerkenwell. (The Blessed Gerard founded the Order to provide medical assistance during the crusades.) St John's Gate (built by Sir Thomas Docwra in 1504) survives in the rebuilt form of the Priory Gate. Its gateway, erected in 1504, and remaining in St John's Square, served various purposes after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, being, for example, the birthplace of the Gentleman's Magazine in 1731, and the scene of Dr Johnson's work in connection with that journal. Clerkenwell in 1805. In modern times the gatehouse again became associated with the Order, and was in the early 20th century the headquarters of the St John Ambulance Association. An Early English crypt remains beneath the neighbouring parish church of St John, where the notorious deception of the "Cock Lane Ghost", in which Johnson took great interest, was exposed. Adjoining the priory was St Mary's Benedictine nunnery, St James's Church (1792) marking the site, and preserving in its vaults some of the ancient monuments. The Charterhouse, near the boundary with the City of London, once served as a Carthusian monastery. The Charterhouse later became a school and almshouse, which latter still remains. Fashionable residential area In the 17th century Clerkenwell became a fashionable place of residence. Oliver Cromwell owned a house on Clerkenwell Close, just off the Green. Before Clerkenwell became a built-up area, it had a reputation as a resort where Londoners could disport themselves at its spas, tea gardens and theatres. Sadler's Wells has survived, after rebuilding, as heir to this tradition. Clerkenwell was also the location of three prisons: the Clerkenwell Bridewell, Coldbath Fields Prison (later Clerkenwell Gaol) and the New Prison, later the House of Detention, notorious as the scene of a Fenian attempted prison break in 1867, when it was sought to release prisoners by blowing up part of the building. Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution changed the area greatly. It became a centre for breweries, distilleries and the printing industry. It gained an especial reputation for the making of clocks and watches, which activity once employed many people from around the area. Flourishing craft workshops still carry on some of the traditional trades, such as jewellery-making. Clerkenwell is home to Witherby's, Europe's oldest printing company. The company, which was established in 1740 and whose shareholding is mainly family-held, produces a wide variety of commercial work such as magazines, leaflets, report & accounts, brochures and info packs at its on-site print facility. Clerkenwell Green Clerkenwell Green lies at the centre of the old village, by the church, and has a mix of housing, offices and pubs, dominated by the imposing former Middlesex Sessions House. It was built in 1782, extended by the Victorians, and now used as a Masonic hall. The name is something of a historical relic - Clerkenwell Green has had no grass for over 300 years. However, in conveying some impression of its history, it gives the appearance of one of the better-preserved village centres in what is now Central London. In Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist, Clerkenwell Green is where Fagin and the Artful Dodger induct Oliver into pickpocketing amongst shoppers in the busy market once held there. Indeed Dickens knew the area well and was a customer of the Finsbury Savings Bank on Sekforde Street, a street linking Clerkenwell Green to St John Street. Local government Clerkenwell St James was an ancient parish in the Finsbury division of the Ossulstone hundred of Middlesex.[1] The parish vestry became a nominating authority to the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1855. The area of the metropolitan board became the County of London in 1889. A reform of local government in 1900 abolished the Clerkenwell vestry and the parish became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury. Alexandra Park, an exclave of the parish was transferred to Hornsey, Middlesex at the same time.[1] Clerkenwell Town Hall, which had been built on Rosebery Avenue in 1895 became Finsbury Town Hall. Finsbury became part of the London Borough of Islington in 1965 and the old town hall has been refurbished to house the Urdang Dance Academy. Radicalism Clerkenwell Green has historically been associated with radicalism, from the Lollards in the 16th century, the Chartists in the 19th century and communists in the early 20th century.[2] In 1902, Vladimir Lenin moved the publication of the Iskra (Spark) to the British Social Democratic Federation at 37a Clerkenwell Green, and issues 22 to 38 were indeed edited there. At that time Lenin resided on Percy Circus, less than half a mile north of Clerkenwell Green. In 1903 the newspaper was moved to Geneva. It is said that Lenin and a young Stalin met in the Crown and Anchor pub (now known as The Crown Tavern) on the Green when the latter was visiting London in 1903. In the 1920s and 1930s, 37a Clerkenwell Green was a venue for Communist Party meetings, and the Marx Memorial Library was founded on the same site in 1933. Clerkenwell's tradition of left-leaning publication continued until late 2008 with The Guardian and The Observer having their headquarters on Farringdon Road, a short walk from the Green. Their new offices are a short distance away in King's Cross. Post-war decline and revival After the Second World War Clerkenwell suffered from industrial decline, though several acclaimed council housing estates were commissioned by Finsbury Borough Council. Modernist architect and Russian émigré Berthold Lubetkin's listed Spa Green Estate, constructed 1943-1950, has recently been restored. The Finsbury Estate, constructed in 1968, includes flats in a typical Brutalist style. A general revival and gentrification process began in the 1990s, and the area is now known for loft-living young professionals, nightclubs, restaurants and art galleries. It also houses many professional and business offices as an overspill area for the nearby City of London and West End, alongside council housing. Amongst other sectors, there is a notable concentration of design professions around Clerkenwell, and supporting industries such as high-end designer furniture showrooms, with many of London's leading architectural practices located in the area. Entertainment Pubs The Jerusalem Tavern, is in Clerkenwell, in the streets north of Smithfield Market. The Jerusalem Tavern is built on the site of a medieval tavern of the same name. It is the only pub owned by the Suffolk Brewery, St. Peter's. A number of traditional pubs line Smithfield Market and the surrounding warren of streets. Those that serve the Smithfield meat workers are allowed to open at 5.30am. These are Nicholson's former gin palace The Fox & Anchor, The Hope and The Cock Tavern (which is situated under the market itself). London's first gastropub, The Eagle, opened in Clerkenwell in 1991. The Eagle has been joined by, among others, The Peasant, The Coach and Horses, and The Gunmaker's and The Green, Clerkenwell pubs, which have since converted to gastropubs. Restaurants Clerkenwell is said to be home to some of London's best restaurants,[3] including St John, a traditional English restaurant, and the Spanish/Moroccan restaurant Moro. Nightclubs and bars Clerkenwell is the home of one of London's largest nightclubs, Fabric, and several pre-club bars such as Smith's of Smithfield and The Slaughtered Lamb have also flourished in the area. The nightlife is centred on the north side of Smithfield Market, with revellers gathering alongside delivery teams from across Europe at the meat market on nights throughout the week. Until March 2008, Turnmills also dominated the nightclub scene from its Clerkenwell location. After closing its doors on the morning of 24 March (due to a building lease change), Clerkenwell lost one of its major landmarks, although the area is still immensely popular for its bars and restaurants. Notable people John Bell (Bishop of Worcester) Robert Burnside James Duff Brown William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle Earl of Clanricarde Oliver Cromwell Daniel Defoe John Holwell David Thewlis Vladimir Lenin John Weever Thomas Britton John Wilkes Zaha Hadid Nearby areas Royal Mail Mount Pleasant Sorting Office, London's largest sorting office. St Pancras to the west Bloomsbury to the west Hatton Garden to the west Holborn to the southwest Smithfield to the south Barbican Estate and Barbican Arts Centre to the southeast St Luke's to the east Finsbury Estate to the north Islington to the north King's Cross to the northwest Nearest railway and London Underground stations Farringdon station, which provides both mainline rail and tube services, is the only station in Clerkenwell itself. However Angel, King's Cross St Pancras, Chancery Lane and Barbican stations all lie near the fringes of Clerkenwell. References ^ a b Vision of Britain - Clerknwell parish (historic map). Retrieved on 2009-11-05. ^ Andrew Rothstein, A House on Clerkenwell Green, 1966. A history of 37a Clerkenwell Green and activism in the area. ^ New York Times article on Clerkenwell's history and restaurant scene External links London/Holborn-Clerkenwell travel guide from Wikitravel Map of Clerkenwell, showing location of the Clerks' Well Description and history of Clerkenwell from an 1868 Gazetteer Information about Lenin's stay in Clerkenwell Craft Central St James Church Clerkenwell St Mark's Church, Myddelton Square, Clerkenwell Woodbridge Chapel, for many years known as Clerkenwell Medical Mission v • d • e London Borough of Islington Districts Angel · Archway · Barnsbury · Canonbury · Clerkenwell · Farringdon · Finsbury · Finsbury Park · Highbury · Holloway · Islington · Kings Cross · Nag's Head · Mildmay · Newington Green · Pentonville · St. Luke's · Tufnell Park · Upper Holloway Attractions Almeida Theatre · Emirates Stadium · The King's Head Theatre · Sadler's Wells Theatre · St. Luke's LSO · Union Chapel Street markets Camden Passage · Chapel Market · Exmouth Market · Nag's Head Market · Whitecross Street Market Parks and open spaces Bunhill Fields Constituencies Islington South and Finsbury · Islington North Other topics People · Public art · Schools v • d • e List of places in London Major districts Abbey Wood · Acton · Barking · Barnes · Barnet · Barnsbury · Battersea · Beckenham · Bermondsey · Bethnal Green · Bexleyheath · Bloomsbury · Bow · Brentford · Brixton · Brockley · Bromley · Camberwell · Camden Town · Canonbury · Carshalton · Catford · Charlton · Chelsea · Chingford · Chislehurst · Chiswick · City · Clapham · Clerkenwell · Cricklewood · Coulsdon · Croydon · Dagenham · Deptford · Ealing · East Ham · Edmonton · Eltham · Enfield Town · Erith · Feltham · Finchley · Forest Hill · Forest Gate · Fulham · Greenwich · Hackney · Hammersmith · Hampstead · Harrow · Hendon · Highams Park · Highbury · Highgate · Hillingdon · Holborn · Holloway · Hornchurch · Hounslow · Ilford · Isle of Dogs · Isleworth · Islington · Kensington · Kentish Town · Kensal Green · Kilburn · Kingston upon Thames · Lambeth · Lewisham · Leyton · Marylebone · Mayfair · Mitcham · Morden · Muswell Hill · New Cross · New Malden · Orpington · Paddington · Peckham · Penge · Pinner · Poplar · Purley · Putney · Richmond · Romford · Ruislip · Shepherd's Bush · Shoreditch · Sidcup · Soho · Southall · Southgate · South Norwood · Southwark · Stepney · Stoke Newington · Stratford · Streatham · Surbiton · Sutton · Sydenham · Teddington · Thamesmead · Tooting · Tottenham · Twickenham · Upminster · Upper Clapton · Uxbridge · Walthamstow · Wandsworth · Wanstead · Wapping · Wealdstone · Welling · Wembley · West Ham · Westminster · West Norwood · Whitechapel · Willesden · Wimbledon · Wood Green · Woodford · Woolwich Barking and Dagenham · Barnet · Bexley · Brent · Bromley · Camden · Croydon · Ealing · Enfield · Greenwich · Hackney · Hammersmith and Fulham · Haringey · Harrow · Havering · Hillingdon · Hounslow · Islington · Kensington and Chelsea · Kingston · Lambeth · Lewisham · Merton · Newham · Redbridge · Richmond · Southwark · Sutton · Tower Hamlets · Waltham Forest · Wandsworth · Westminster