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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) History of the Ottoman Empire This article is part of a series Rise (1299–1453) Interregnum Growth (1453–1683) Stagnation (1683–1827) Köprülü era Sultanate of Women Tulip period Decline (1828–1908) Tanzimat era 1st Constitutional Era Dissolution (1908–1922) 2nd Constitutional Era Partition the Ottoman Empire Portal  v • d • e  Second Siege (Battle) of Vienna, 1683. The Köprülü era (1656–1703) was the period which Ottoman Empire's politics were set by the Grand Viziers, mainly the Köprülü family, which was a notable family of imperial bureaucrats of Albanian origin.[1][2] Köprülü family generated grand viziers to the Empire, combining ambition and ruthlessness with genuine talent. They overhauled the bureaucracy and instituted military reforms. Several important leaders arose at this time, including the sternly reactionary Grand Vizier Mehmed Köprülü (1656–1661) and his more moderate son Fazıl Ahmed Köprülü (1661–1676). Under their leadership, the state began to reassert itself with some vigor. Despite internal conflicts within the Ottoman bureaucracy, and between the bureaucracy and military, the 17th century saw the empire expand its frontiers to its furthest reach, with notable gains under the Köprülü administration in Crete, Slovakia, Southern Ukraine and Podolia. The defeat of the Ottoman forces led by Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha at the Second Siege of Vienna in 1683, at the hands of the combined armies of Poland and the Holy Roman Empire under Jan III Sobieski, was the decisive event that swung the balance of power in the region in favor of the European nations. Under the terms of the Treaty of Karlowitz, which ended the Great Turkish War in 1699, the Ottomans ceded nearly all of Ottoman Hungary, Transylvania, the Morea and Podolia to Austria, Poland and Venice. Ottoman State also acknowledged, for the first time in its history, that the Austrian Empire could be treated on equal terms with the Ottoman Empire. The last of the Köprülü rulers fell from power when Mustafa II (r. 1695-1703) was forced by rebellious Janissaries to abdicate. Under Ahmet III (r. 1703-30), effective control of the government passed to the military leaders. Ahmet III's reign is referred to as the "Tulip Era" because of the popularity of tulip cultivation in Istanbul during those years. See also Tulip period References ^ Stephen Schwartz The other Islam: Sufism and the road to global harmony Doubleday 2008 ISBN 9780385518192 page 100 [1] ^ Ivo Banač The national question in Yugoslavia: origins, history, politics ISBN 0801416752 0801494931 Kornell University 1988 page 292 [2] v • d • e Turkey topics People and biographies Turkish people · Atatürk History  (timeline) Early Sultanate of Rûm · Anatolian Turkish Beyliks Ottoman Rise · Growth · Stagnation · Decline  · Dissolution Republic War of Independence · Single-party period · Multi-party period By topic Constitutional · Economic · Military Politics and government President · Prime Minister · Parliament · Council of Ministers · Political parties · Elections · EU accession · Foreign relations · Military · Human rights · LGBT rights · Secularism · Ottomanism · Kemalism · Neo-Ottomanism · Deep state Legal system Constitution · Constitutional Court · Official Gazette · Crime · Law enforcement  · Turkish Penal Code Geography Anatolia · Thrace · Regions · Provinces · Districts · Cities · Metropolitan centers · Environmental issues · Mountains · Islands · Rivers · Lakes · Peninsulas · Capes · Bays · Turkish Riviera Economy and transport Industries · Companies · Stock Exchange · Central Bank · Other banks · EU Customs Union · Southeastern Anatolia Project  · Tourism · Currency · Railways · Aviation Demographics and Religion Turkish language · Languages of Turkey · Education · Religion · Islam · Turkish population · Turkish diaspora · Immigration Culture and media Ottoman architecture · Art · Cinema · Cuisine · Dance · Festivals · Folklore · Public holidays · Literature · Music · Smoking · Sport · Theatre · Wine · Newspapers · Radio stations · Television Symbols Emblem · Flag · Presidential Seal · National anthem Portal