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The International Physics Olympiad (IPhO) is an annual physics competition for high school students. It is one of the International Science Olympiads. The first IPhO was held in Warsaw, Poland in 1967. Each national delegation is made up of at most five student competitors plus two leaders, selected on a national level. Observers may also accompany a national team. The students compete as individuals, and must sit for intensive theoretical and laboratory examinations. For their efforts the students can be awarded gold, silver, or bronze medals or an honourable mention. The theoretical examination lasts 5 hours and consists of three questions. Usually these questions involve more than one part. The practical examination may consist of one laboratory examination of five hours, or two, which together take up the full five hours. Contents 1 History 2 Structure of the Competition 2.1 Distribution of medals 3 List of past and future venues 4 See also 5 References 6 External links // History Several months before the first IPhO took place in 1967, invitations were sent to all the Central European countries. The invitations were accepted by Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania (five countries including Poland, the organiser of the competition). Each team consisted of three secondary school students accompanied by one supervisor. The competition was arranged along the lines of the final stage of the Polish Physics Olympiad: one day for theoretical problems and one day for carrying out an experiment. One obvious difference was that the participants had to wait for the scripts to be marked. During the waiting period the organisers arranged two excursions by plane to Krak and to Gdańsk. At the first IPhO the students had to solve four theoretical problems and one experimental problem. The second Olympiad was organised by Prof. Rezső Kunfalvi in Budapest, Hungary, in 1968. Eight countries took part in that competition. The German Democratic Republic, the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia joined the participating countries. Again, each country was represented by three secondary school students and one supervisor. Some time before the second IPhO a preliminary version of the Statutes and the Syllabus were produced. Later these documents were officially accepted by the International Board consisting of the supervisors of the teams that participated in the competition. This took place during a special meeting organised in Brno, Czechoslovakia, several months after the second IPhO. The third IPhO was arranged by Prof. Rostislav Kostial in Brno, Czechoslovakia, in 1969. On that occasion each team consisted of five students and two supervisors. The competition in Brno was organised according to the official Statutes accepted earlier. The next Olympiad took place in Moscow, Soviet Union, in 1970. Each country was represented by six students and two supervisors. During that Olympiad several small changes were introduced into the Statutes. Since the fifth IPhO, held in Sofia, Bulgaria, in 1971, each team has consisted of five pupils and two supervisors. In 1978 and 1980, the IPhO was not organized. This was due to the accession of the Western countries. The first western country to participate was France.[1] At first, the few Western countries participating declined to accept the principle that the IPhO be organized every second year in a Western and Eastern bloc country. Thus the Eastern block countries declined from organising the 1978 and 1980 olympiads. From 1982 onwards, the yearly competition was resumed as there were enough participating Western countries to share the load. At present, the venue of the Olympiad is decided for years ahead. After accession into IPhO, every country must notify the others within three years about its willingness to host the IPhO. After this, the country is placed on a waiting list which as of 2006 stretches well into 2050s. The failure to organize the IPhO on turn will lead to temporary expulsion from the IPhO. This happened to France in 1986. Structure of the Competition The competition lasts for two days. One day is devoted to theoretical problems (three problems involving at least four areas of physics taught in secondary schools, total number of marks is 30). Another day is devoted to experimental problems (one or two problems, total number of marks 20). These two days are separated by at least one day of rest. On both occasions the time allotted for solving the problems is five hours. Each team consists of students from general or technical secondary schools (not colleges or universities) or have graduated but are yet to enter university, and must be under the age of 20. Typically each team consists of five students (pupils) and two supervisors. Distribution of medals The minimal scores required for Olympic medals and honourable mentions are chosen by the organizers according to the following rules: A gold medal should be awarded to the top 8% of the participants. A silver medal or better should be awarded to the top 25%. A bronze medal or better should be awarded to the top 50%. An honourable mention or better should be awarded to the top 67%. All other participants receive certificates of participation. The participant with the highest score (absolute winner) receives a special prize, in addition to a gold medal.[2] List of past and future venues 2023 - Iran 2022 – Japan 2021 – Indonesia 2020 – Lithuania 2019 – Israel 2018 – Portugal 2017 – Moldova 2016 – Switzerland and Liechtenstein 2015 – Dublin, Ireland 2014 – Slovenia 2013 – Denmark 2012 – Estonia 2011 – Bangkok, Thailand 2010 – Zagreb, Croatia 2009 – Mérida, Mexico 2008 – Hanoi, Vietnam 2007 – Isfahan, Iran 2006 – Singapore 2005 – Salamanca, Spain 2004 – Pohang, South Korea 2003 – Taipei, Taiwan 2002 – Bali, Indonesia 2001 – Antalya, Turkey 2000 – Leicester, United Kingdom 1999 – Padova, Italy 1998 – Reykjavík, Iceland 1997 – Sudbury, Ontario, Canada 1996 – Oslo, Norway 1995 – Canberra, Australia 1994 – Beijing, People's Republic of China 1993 – Williamsburg, United States 1992 – Helsinki, Finland 1991 – Havana, Cuba 1990 – Groningen, the Netherlands 1989 – Warsaw, Poland 1988 – Bad Ischl, Austria 1987 – Jena, East Germany 1986 – London-Harrow, United Kingdom 1985 – Portorož, SFR Yugoslavia 1984 – Sigtuna, Sweden 1983 – Bucharest, Romania 1982 – Malente, West Germany 1981 – Varna, Bulgaria 1979 – Moscow, Soviet Union 1977 – Hradec Králové, Czechoslovakia 1976 – Budapest, Hungary 1975 – Güstrow, East Germany 1974 – Warsaw, Poland 1972 – Bucharest, Romania 1971 – Sofia, Bulgaria 1970 – Moscow, Soviet Union 1969 – Brno, Czechoslovakia 1968 – Budapest, Hungary 1967 – Warsaw, Poland List of venues See also Asian Physics Olympiad References ^ http://www.jyu.fi/tdk/kastdk/olympiads/history.pdf ^ Statutes of the International Physics Olympiads External links Homepage of the International Physics Olympiad: old and current variant Website of the 1998 IPhO Website of the 1999 IPhO Website of the 2000 IPhO Website of the 2002 IPhO[dead link] Website of the 2003 IPhO Website of the 2004 IPhO Website of the 2005 IPhO Website of the 2006 IPhO[dead link] Website of the 2007 IPhO[dead link] Website of the 2008 IPhO Website of the 2009 IPhO Website of the 2010 IPhO