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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2010) This article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (November 2010) Part of a series on Socialism Currents Marxian socialism Scientific socialism Democratic socialism Libertarian socialism · Mutualism Market socialism · State socialism Utopian socialism · Communism Social anarchism · Syndicalism Social democracy Revolutionary socialism Green socialism · Guild socialism Socialism of the 21st century Agrarian socialism Key topics and issues Types History Economics State Criticisms Concepts Economic planning · Free association Equality of opportunity Economic democracy Adhocracy · Technocracy Self-management · Direct democracy Public ownership · Common ownership Social dividend · Basic income Production for use Calculation in kind · Labour voucher Industrial democracy · Collaboration Material balance accounting People Charles Hall · Henri de Saint-Simon Robert Owen · Charles Fourier William Thompson Pierre Joseph Proudhon · Thomas Hodgskin Louis Blanc · Moses Hess · Mikhail Bakunin Karl Marx · Friedrich Engels Ferdinand Lassalle William Morris · Mary Harris Jones  · Peter Kropotkin John Dewey · Edvard Kardelj Enrico Barone · Ben Tillett Eugene V. Debs · Bertrand Russell  · Robin Hahnel Michael Albert Organizations First International (International Workingmen's Association) Second International Third International (Comintern) Fourth International Fifth International Socialist International World Federation of Democratic Youth International Union of Socialist Youth World Socialist Movement Religious socialism Buddhist · Christian Islamic · Jewish left Regional socialism African socialism · Arab socialism Bundism · Chinese socialism · Titoism Maoism · Labour Zionism Third World Socialism Left-wing nationalism Related topics Criticism of capitalism Criticism of socialism · Class struggle · Democracy Dictatorship of the proletariat Egalitarianism · Equality of outcome Impossibilism · Internationalism State-owned enterprise Left-wing politics · Marxism Mixed economy · Nationalization Socialization of production Planned economy Perspectives on Capitalism Proletarian revolution Reformism · Socialism in One Country Socialist market economy Post-capitalism · Trade union Mode of production v · d · e Utopian socialism is a term used to define the first currents of modern socialist thought. It is distinguished from later socialist thought by being based on idealism instead of materialism[citation needed][dubious – discuss]. Although it is technically possible for any set of ideas or any person living at any time in history to be a utopian socialist, the term is most often applied to those socialists who lived in the first quarter of the 19th century who were ascribed the label "utopian" by later socialists to convey negative attitudes and naivete to dismiss their ideas as fanciful or unrealistic.[1] Religious sects whose members live communally, such as the Hutterites, for example, are not usually called "utopian socialists", although their way of living is a prime example. They have been categorized as religious socialists by some. Likewise, intentional communities based on socialist ideas could also be categorized as "utopian socialist". Contents 1 Definition 2 Development 3 Utopian socialism in literature and in practice 4 Related concepts 5 Notable Utopian socialists 6 Notable utopian communities 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Definition The utopian socialist thinkers did not use the term utopian to refer to their ideas. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels referred to all socialist ideas that were simply a vision and distant goal for society as utopian. Utopian socialists were likened to scientists who drew up elaborate designs and concepts for creating what socialists considered a more equal society. They were contrasted by scientific socialists, likened to engineers, who were defined as an integrated conception of the goal, the means to producing it, and the way that those means will inevitably be produced through examining social and economic phenomena. This distinction was made clear in Engels' work Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (1892, part of an earlier publication, the Anti-Dühring from 1878). Utopian socialists were seen as wanting to expand the principles of the French revolution in order to create a more "rational" society and economic system, and despite being labeled as utopian by later socialists, their aims were not always utopian with their values often included rigid support for the scientific method and creating a society based upon such.[2] One key difference between "utopian socialists" and other socialists (including most anarchists) is that utopian socialists generally don't feel class struggle or political revolutions are necessary to implement their ideas[dubious – discuss]. They feel their form of cooperative socialism can be established among like-minded people within the existing society. Development Utopian socialists never actually used this name to describe themselves; the term "Utopian socialism" was introduced by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto in 1848, although Marx shortly before the publication of this pamphlet already attacked the ideas of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in Das Elend der Philosophie (originally written in French, 1847) and used by later socialist thinkers to describe early socialist or quasi-socialist intellectuals who created hypothetical visions of egalitarian, communalist, meritocratic or other notions of "perfect" societies without actually concerning themselves with the manner in which these societies could be created or sustained. In Das Elend der Philosophie, English title The Poverty of Philosophy, Marx criticized the economic and philosophical arguments of Proudhon set forth in The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty. Marx accused Proudhon of wanting to rise above the bourgeoisie. In the history of Marx' thought and marxism, this work is pivotal in the distinction between the concepts of utopian socialism and what Marx and the marxists claimed as scientific socialism. Although the utopian socialists did not share many common political, social, or economic perspectives, Marx and Engels argued that certain intellectual characteristics of the Utopian socialists unified the disparate thinkers. In The Communist Manifesto,[3] Marx and Engels wrote, "The undeveloped state of the class struggle, as well as their own surroundings, causes Socialists of this kind to consider themselves far superior to all class antagonisms. They want to improve the condition of every member of society, even that of the most favored. Hence, they habitually appeal to society at large, without distinction of class; nay, by preference, to the ruling class. For how can people, when once they understand their system, fail to see it in the best possible plan of the best possible state of society? Hence, they reject all political, and especially all revolutionary, action; they wish to attain their ends by peaceful means, and endeavor, by small experiments, necessarily doomed to failure, and by the force of example, to pave the way for the new social Gospel." Marx and Engels used the term "scientific socialism" to describe the type of socialism they saw themselves developing. According to Engels, socialism was not "an accidental discovery of this or that ingenious brain, but the necessary outcome of the struggle between two historically developed classes – the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. Its task was no longer to manufacture a system of society as perfect as possible, but to examine the historical-economic succession of events from which these classes and their antagonism had of necessity sprung, and to discover in the economic conditions thus created the means of ending the conflict." Critics have argued that Utopian socialists who established experimental communities were in fact trying to apply the scientific method to human social organization, and were therefore not Utopian. For instance, Joshua Muravchik, on the basis of Karl Popper's definition of science as "the practice of experimentation, of hypothesis and test," argued that "Owen and Fourier and their followers were the real ‘scientific socialists.’ They hit upon the idea of socialism, and they tested it by attempting to form socialist communities." Muravchik further argued that, in contrast, Marx made untestable predictions about the future, and that Marx's view that socialism would be created by impersonal historical forces may lead one to conclude that it is unnecessary to strive for socialism, because it will happen anyway.[4] Utopian socialism in literature and in practice Perhaps the first utopian socialist was Thomas More (1478-1535), who wrote about an imaginary socialist society in his satire Utopia, which was published in 1516. The contemporary definition of the English word "utopia" derives from this work. Saint-Simonianism was a French political and social movement of the first half of the 19th century, inspired by the ideas of Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825). His ideas influenced Auguste Comte (who was, for a time, Saint-Simon's secretary), Karl Marx, John Stuart Mill, and many other thinkers and social theorists. Robert Owen (1771–1858) was a successful Welsh businessman who devoted much of his profits to improving the lives of his employees. His reputation grew when he set up a textile factory in New Lanark, Scotland, co-funded by his teacher, the utilitarian Jeremy Bentham, and introduced shorter working hours, schools for children and renovated housing. He wrote about his ideas in his book A New View of Society, which was published in 1813, and An Explanation of the Cause of Distress which pervades the civilized parts of the world in 1823. He also set up an Owenite commune called New Harmony in Indiana, USA. This collapsed when one of his business partners ran off with all the profits. Owen's main contribution to socialist thought was the view that human social behavior is not fixed or absolute, and that human beings have the free will to organize themselves into any kind of society they wished. Charles Fourier (1772–1837) was by far the most utopian of the socialists[dubious – discuss]. Rejecting the industrial revolution altogether and thus the problems that arose with it, he made various fanciful claims about the ideal world he envisioned. Despite some clearly non-socialist inclinations[clarification needed], he contributed significantly - if indirectly - to the socialist movement. His writings about turning work into play influenced the young Karl Marx and helped him devise his theory of alienation. Also a contributor to feminism, Fourier invented the concept of phalanstère, units of people based on a theory of passions and of their combination. Several colonies based on Fourier's ideas were founded in the United States by Albert Brisbane and Horace Greeley. Étienne Cabet (1788–1856) who was influenced by Robert Owen, published a book in 1840 entitled Travel and adventures of Lord William Carisdall in Icaria in which he described an ideal communalist society. His attempts to form real socialist communities based on his ideas, through the Icarian movement however, did not survive, but one such community was the precursor of Corning, Iowa. Possibly inspired by Christianity, he coined the word "communism" and influenced other thinkers, including Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. In 1888 another Christian socialist, Edward Bellamy (1850–1898), published Looking Backward, a science fiction novel about a future socialist society that predicted things like credit cards, music and sermons delivered to people's homes by "cable telephones" and buying clubs. Bellamy's utopia did not involve abolishing wages, but working hours were cut drastically due to technological advances. Criminal behavior is treated as a mental illness. It was the third ranking best seller of its time. William Morris (1834–1896) published his book News from Nowhere in 1890, in which he depicted a future, socialist society in which work would be considered pleasurable and an outlet for creativity. It was written as a response to Bellamy's Looking Backwards with which Morris disagreed. The Brotherhood Church in Britain and the Life and Labor Commune in Russia were based on the Christian anarchist ideas of Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910). Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865) and Peter Kropotkin (1842–1921) wrote about anarchist forms of socialism in their books. Proudhon wrote What is Property? (1840) and The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty (1847). Kropotkin wrote The Conquest of Bread (1892) and Fields, Factories and Workshops (1912). Many of the anarchist collectives formed in Spain, especially in Aragon and Catalonia, during the Spanish Civil War were based on their ideas. Many participants in the historical kibbutz movement in Israel were motivated by utopian socialist ideas, but few examples of this type of kibbutz remain.[5] Augustin Souchy (1892–1984) spent most of his life investigating and participating in many kinds of socialist communities. He wrote about his experiences in his autobiography Beware! Anarchist!. The philosopher and pornographer Marquis de Sade (1740-1814) anticipated Charles Fourier in his project of a harmonious socialist society based on the free play of sexual passion in the pamphlet Yet Another Effort, Frenchmen, If You Would Become Republicans, found in Philosophy in the Bedroom.[6] Behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner (1904–1990) published Walden Two in 1948. The Twin Oaks Community was originally based on his ideas. Ursula K. Le Guin (1929–present) wrote about an impoverished anarchist planet in her book The Dispossessed, which was published in 1974. The anarchists agree to leave their home planet and colonize the barren planet in order to avoid a bloody revolution. Related concepts A related concept is that of a socialist utopia, usually depicted in works of fiction as possible ways society can turn out to be in the future, and often combined with notions of a technologically-revolutionized economy. Some communities of the modern intentional community movement could be categorized as utopian socialist. Notable Utopian socialists Edward Bellamy Tommaso Campanella David Dale Etienne Cabet Icarian movement Charles Fourier North American Phalanx The Phalanx - journal            Jean-Baptiste Godin Thomas More William Morris Robert Owen Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Claude Henri de Saint-Simon Wilhelm Weitling Notable utopian communities Owenian communities New Lanark, New Harmony Fourierist communities La Reunion (Dallas) (founded in 1855) by Victor Considérant Brook Farm North American Phalanx Icarian communities Corning, Iowa Anarchist communities Whiteway Colony Life and Labor Commune See also List of anarchist communities Communist utopia Intentional communities Kibbutz Marxism Nanosocialism Post-capitalism Post-scarcity Scientific socialism Socialism Socialist economics Christian socialism References Notes ^ Newman, Michael. (2005) Socialism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280431-6 ^ http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/ch01.htm ^ Engels, Friedrich and Marx, Karl Heinrich. »Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei«. Edited by Sálvio M. Soares. MetaLibri, 31. Oktober 2008, v1.0s. ^ The Rise and Fall of Socialism Joshua Muravchik SPEECHES AEI Bradley Lecture Series Publication Date: February 8, 1999 ^ "The Kibbutz—Utopian Socialist Community". AskIsrael.org. http://www.askisrael.org/facts/qpt.asp?fid=21. Retrieved January 13, 2011.  ^ Marshall, Peter. Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. p.149. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007) External links Be Utopian: Demand the Realistic by Robert Pollin, The Nation, March 9, 2009